Laws on Contagious Disease Quarantine Essay

There are two principal sources of current legal thinking on quarantine for contagious diseases. The first originates in the law of quarantine itself. The second concerns civil commitment. Quarantine laws are limited to controlling infectious diseases. Civil commitment laws govern incarceration when people are a danger to themselves or others, are mentally ill and unable to care for themselves, or present a danger to others because they spread infectious disease. Before antibiotics, quarantine was important in preventing the spread of infection. Since it was not possible to attack bacterial causes of disease directly, sources of disease had to be kept away from other people. According to a recent study in the Journal of the American Medical Association, many state statutes which address the control of contagious diseases have been on the books since the turn of the century. The leading case on quarantine, Jacobson v. Massachusetts was decided in 1905. Even more recent statutes were enacted forty years ago. Only ten states have substantially changed their TB-related law within the last few years. The public health powers in state statutes include: compulsory examination and treatment, emergency detention and quarantine. Quarantine may be defined as either in-home isolation or commitment to state facilities. These measures are accomplished through public health orders or court orders. Some states have civil and/or criminal penalties for failing to comply with a such an order. Other statutes do not spell out penalties. Some statutes define which diseases are contagious and therefore subject to quarantine regulations. Others authorize state health departments to decide which illnesses are contagious. Some empower public health authorities to make quarantine or isolation decisions without any direction as to illnesses or conditions. Thirty-three states permit authorities to isolate people in their homes. In most cases there are no due process protections specified out in the law. Forty-two states permit commitment to treatment facilities. Thirty-six states require a court order to commit someone to a facility. Several do not require a court order or a hearing. Generally court orders will be initiated by a petition from public health authorities requesting a hearing. Written notice to the person concerned is usually required, but the hearing may be held with or without the patient. Only thirteen states explicitly grant the right to be represented by counsel in any part of the proceedings. Of these, eleven will provide counsel to indigent individuals. Release is accomplished when a determination is made that the person is no longer a threat to the public health, or no longer infectious. Some statutes specify criteria for release which may be vague (â€Å"no longer a danger to the public health†) or specific (evidence in sputum tests that the person is no longer actively contagious). Ten states have no statutory time limits on the length of time a patient may be held without discharge or recommitment. In many states the only explicit due process protection afforded persons who are quarantined is the opportunity to petition the court for release. Quarantine is a very old public health measure. Historical references date back at least to the Old Testament. When people were thought (rightly or wrongly) to have a contagious condition, they were isolated from others by confining them to their houses or by compelling them to live outside the community. Following English common law United States quarantine laws fall under the power of the state to protect public health and safety. In Gibbons v. Ogden, the United States Supreme Court alluded to the legitimacy of quarantine under the police power. The Court directly reviewed quarantine concepts in Compagnie Francaise de Navigation a Vapeur v. Louisiana State Board of Health. The law and its implementation were upheld as an appropriate exercise of police power. The suit arose when a geographic area of Louisiana was closed off to all new entrants because of the presence of infectious disease. The plaintiffs (a shipping company) regarded the action as a Commerce Clause violation, because it interfered with foreign commerce. The Court rejected the Commerce Clause argument, holding that the law was not repugnant to the Constitution. The dissent urged that the Court should have been addressing the particular implementation of the law rather than its constitutionality in general. The dissenters agreed however that â€Å"[t]he power of the several States †¦ to establish quarantine regulations †¦ is so well settled by repeated decisions of this court as to be no longer open to doubt. Relevant statutory law is found under the power of counties to establish hospitals and under the powers of the department of health and the board of health. Some still-current sections were in place before 1953 when the General Code became the Revised Code. Quarantine measures under Ohio law included isolating people in their own homes as well as removing them to public facilities. In 194 9 the Attorney General considered whether â€Å"home quarantine†, authorized under  § 4429, General Code was an appropriate exercise of the police power. Medical authority at the time discouraged in-home care because it spread infection to others in the household and did not provide the most effective treatment. The Attorney General expressed concern about the â€Å"social and economic embarrassment† involved in placarding a home and isolating the whole family. Balancing the health benefit (or lack thereof, according to medical experts) against liberty interests and social stigma, he opined that â€Å"in view of control measures now available† home quarantine would be arbitrary and unreasonable under normal circumstances. Contemporary society thinks removing people from their homes to treat their illness may be inhumane. When this opinion was written, the opposite may have been true, at least for illnesses requiring long-term care. In 1951,  § 4429-1 of the Ohio General Code provided the department of health with the power to â€Å"at once †¦ cause [someone with a communicable disease] to be separated from susceptible persons in such places and under such circumstances as will prevent the †¦ conveyance of the infectious agents †¦ and shall enforce such restrictive measures as may be prescribed by the state department of health. Ohio law has several provisions which govern quarantine generally. Under  § 3701 of the Ohio Revised Code, the department of health has the authority to â€Å"declare and enforce† or â€Å"modify, relax and abolish† quarantines. It may make other rules for preventing communicable disease. The chapter also provides that individuals shall not kno wingly fail to prevent transmission of their illness to others. Those who care for sick individuals, and those who â€Å"have charge of a public conveyance or place of public accommodation† shall not recklessly or negligently fail to protect others; or fail to inform health authorities of the presence of contagion. Criminal penalties are available under quarantine law, but they do not appear to have been much used. The statutes and cases do express the obligations of infected persons and others to avoid the spread of infection. Ohio quarantine regulations are very sweeping in the power granted to boards of health. They are also sweeping in their potential effect on people’s lives. Most of the provisions below were effective when the code was revised in 1953, and were carried over from similar provisions in the General Code. Quarantine regulations are covered under  § 3707. Key provisions include the following:  § 3707. 6 – Physicians or other persons â€Å"called to attend† persons with contagious diseases are required to report to the health commissioner â€Å"the name, age, sex, and color [sic] of the patient. †  § 3707. 07 – In case of a complaint or reasonable belief that there is infectious disease at a particular place, the board of health shall ha ve it inspected, and may either send the sick person to a facility, or quarantine the location, including any people exposed to the disease.  § 3707. 08 – Where there is infectious disease, the board shall isolate infected persons and those exposed, and have the location placarded. Anyone isolated or quarantined must have written permission to leave locations to which they are restricted.  § 3707. 14 – When people are quarantined the board of health is obligated to provide food, fuel and other necessities, at public expense if necessary.  § 3707. 16, . 20 – Quarantined persons may not attend school, places of worship or other public gatherings. They may not be sent to any institution such as a jail, children’s home, or institution for the blind or mentally ill without notice of their illness or exposure. Significant changes were made in 1955, with the passage of Amended House Bill 127, â€Å"‘[t]he Recalcitrant Tuberculosis Law’ enacted to protect society and based upon the legal principle that liberty implies absence from arbitrary restraint, not immunity from reasonable regulations imposed in the interest of society†. This legislation was considered to be a significant advance, â€Å"protective rather than punitive. † It put in place the specific mechanisms for implementing  § 339. 40, infra, evidentiary requirements, and mechanisms for release. There is no mention of the right to counsel, however. Key provisions of Chapter 339 include the following:  § 339. 40 – when proper presentation of facts has been made, the board of health is authorized to order the removal of persons with TB who are a menace to public health and cannot be treated at home. If someone is suspected of having TB on the basis of medical evidence, that person may be compelled to be examined regularly until certified as â€Å"free from tuberculosis in a communicable stage. †  § 339. 51 – evidence of communicable TB consists of laboratory reports of sputum or other body fluid which are ositive for the presence of TB bacilli, or chest X-rays which show active TB. A sputum test showing bacteria means the person is considered to have active TB for three months or until three successive tests show no bacilli.  § 339. 52-. 60 a board of health may request an order from the probate court to remove someone to a tuberculosis facility. The board must file an application with the court allegin g that the person is suffering from TB, is a menace to public health, and has either â€Å"refused to enter or has absented himself from a tuberculosis hospital against medical advice. After an application has been filed, a hearing is scheduled. The person named in the application must receive a summons no less than three days before the hearing. The judge examines any witness from the board of health and any others. The hearing may be conducted without the person summoned, if he or she does not appear. If the judge determines the allegations of the application are true, â€Å"the †¦ court shall enter a commitment order committing the person to a facility. † When someone is committed, she or he remains hospitalized until discharged. After ninety days a patient may apply to the same probate court to be discharged. The discharge is requested on the grounds that the patient no longer has communicable TB, and thus is not a menace to public health. The court holds a hearing within seven days. If it determines that the patient is not infectious, the discharge will be ordered, but not otherwise. Patients may also be released when an appropriate public health official certifies they are no longer a menace to the community. Relevant Ohio case law deals with the powers of the board of health to make and enforce regulations. Cases of actual quarantine involved smallpox or venereal disease (VD) rather than tuberculosis. An early important case was Ex parte Company. Company concerned requests for habeas corpus filed by two women who had been arrested for prostitution. Neither was convicted. One was discharged by the court and the other was found not guilty. While they were in custody they had been found to have VD. When their cases were resolved they were quarantined for the disease and applied for habeas corpus to be released from quarantine. They asserted that the quarantine, examination and detention provisions of the Sanitary Code violated the Fourteenth Amendment of the U. S. Constitution and section 5. Article 1 of the Ohio Constitution; that the provisions violated Ohio law; and that the legislature was not permitted to delegate its power to make laws to other bodies. The court readily disposed of the Constitutional claims on the grounds that legislative power to enact â€Å"reasonable and proper restraints† for the public good â€Å"is no longer open to question†. It noted that the Fourteenth Amendment did not extend the Bill of Rights to the States. The statute provided that anyone charged with a prostitution offense should be held if they were found to be infected with a venereal disease. The court found that the law was adequately supported by another statute which provided for the quarantine of any persons infected with venereal disease, incarcerated or not. Lastly the court determined that the legislature had given administrative authority to boards of health to create rules and regulations. Such grants of authority had been upheld in a number of other states. Only one case with distinguishable facts held otherwise. The court dismissed the petitions and remanded the petitioners to the health commissioner. Thus in Ohio as in the rest of the country the legislature has the power to create boards of health, which themselves have the power to create and execute a wide variety of public health regulations. What distinguishes Ohio law in this area is the fact that it has not been modernized.

Pest Analisis for Any Fast Food Resturent

Advance Professional Diploma in â€Å"Strategic Hospitality Management† Assessment: Labour market strategy; 1) Define labour Market: Labour markets exist on two levels; factual and perceptual. At any one time, people will be seeking employment or trying to change their jobs. Simultaneously, employers will be seeking new employees. Wage rates will be set, recruitment policies implemented, people will need training, people will have to move. This is the daily life of labour market. (Smith, A. 1976 ). ) List three labour market factors: a) Skills Shortages b) age c) overseas staffing. 3) a) Skills shortages :With the rapidly changing nature of the workforce and labour market, including skills shortage and the raised expectations of working people, job design now has to consider a wider range of factors than merely designing the task and work content of jobs. Job designers, i. e. most managers, will need to focus more than before on the conditions of work rather than just the job content.Such issues will include more flexible working hours, providing support for women returners, more autonomy, etc. in addition to eliminating menial tasks requiring scarce skills. Other dimensions include the need to ensure that forms of discrimination are not created or perpetuated, intentionally or unintentionally, through job design. (Michael J. Biella, Steven G Turner 2005 b) Age: Both the young and old sometimes feel that they do not get the respect they deserve.They need to know what is going in the department and how well they are doing their jobs, just like anyone else. Make them feel like part of the team. Young workers want to do work they consider worthwhile and have fun doing it. They want their supervisors to listen to them, to let them participate in decision making. Not surprisingly, they do not want supervisors to bark orders military-style. They like to have time and money invested into their training and development. Do not have higher expectations of older a dults than of their peers, and don’t patronize them. Pest Analisis for Any Fast Food Resturent Advance Professional Diploma in â€Å"Strategic Hospitality Management† Assessment: Labour market strategy; 1) Define labour Market: Labour markets exist on two levels; factual and perceptual. At any one time, people will be seeking employment or trying to change their jobs. Simultaneously, employers will be seeking new employees. Wage rates will be set, recruitment policies implemented, people will need training, people will have to move. This is the daily life of labour market. (Smith, A. 1976 ). ) List three labour market factors: a) Skills Shortages b) age c) overseas staffing. 3) a) Skills shortages :With the rapidly changing nature of the workforce and labour market, including skills shortage and the raised expectations of working people, job design now has to consider a wider range of factors than merely designing the task and work content of jobs. Job designers, i. e. most managers, will need to focus more than before on the conditions of work rather than just the job content.Such issues will include more flexible working hours, providing support for women returners, more autonomy, etc. in addition to eliminating menial tasks requiring scarce skills. Other dimensions include the need to ensure that forms of discrimination are not created or perpetuated, intentionally or unintentionally, through job design. (Michael J. Biella, Steven G Turner 2005 b) Age: Both the young and old sometimes feel that they do not get the respect they deserve.They need to know what is going in the department and how well they are doing their jobs, just like anyone else. Make them feel like part of the team. Young workers want to do work they consider worthwhile and have fun doing it. They want their supervisors to listen to them, to let them participate in decision making. Not surprisingly, they do not want supervisors to bark orders military-style. They like to have time and money invested into their training and development. Do not have higher expectations of older a dults than of their peers, and don’t patronize them.

Ethics of Euthanasia

Courtney Thorne Professor Chesire English 1100, Section 48 7 December 2012 Euthanasia One of the most hotly debated topics going on through the government is the one concerning the ethics of euthanasia also known as assisted suicide. Euthanasia comes from the Greek language meaning ‘Good death’. Euthanasia is suicide, but with the help of a doctor. The government and people argue about whether it should be legalized or not, this is because it can be seen as unethical and it taking the ills life.I think assisted suicide should be legal because we have the right and moral obligation to euthanize our beloved pets when they are suffering and in pain†¦ why are we not morally obligated to provide the same options for ourselves and our loved ones who have no quality of life? Euthanasia fascinates me because not much people of my age are aware of what it is exactly and how much that it could actually help out in the society if it was to be legalized. Euthanasia should be le galized we have ‘the peoples rights’, it cost more to keep someone on life support and it is a way out of unnecessary suffering for the ill.I was interested in researching this topic because I don’t think this topic gets as much attention as I think it should. I am all for assisted suicide and believe people should not be denied their wishes when they want to end their pain when they are terminally ill. However, I was open to learning more about the opposite stance and what the reasons for opposition were. Which I understand that some people are not for euthanasia, but with you reading my essay I hope to persuade you to take in some of my ideas that I will explain to you throughout my paper.I wondered how someone could just deny the peoples right of wanting to pass when they are terminally ill. There are two main kinds of euthanasia; one is voluntary euthanasia which refers to the action taken by the physician and the patient, who both agree to end the patient's life with an informed consent. Then there is involuntary euthanasia that refers to a third party taking a patient's life without the informed consent (like putting and animal down). There are more people for euthanasia than what I expected there too be.This graph shows the debate on whether people are for or against euthanasia. They selected random people and were asked whether they were for euthanasia becoming legal or not. Euthanasia should be legal to save the terminally ill from the unnecessary suffering they face and the families of the terminally ill. We all have our rights being an American, but our country sometimes does not agree with those rights like wanting the right to die. Being an American we should enjoy a right guaranteed in the European Declaration of Human Rights, the right not to be forced to suffer.People who are terminally ill and know there is no life to look forward to should not have to live everyday suffering and make their family suffer with them by watchi ng them, if they want to die by assisted suicide they should be allowed that right and not deny it. I feel like if it was my family member suffering I would suffer watching them suffer and I don’t think that’s fair to me or my family. We use euthanasia on our animals as an act of kindness why can we give humans the same act of kindness and with their consent?Keeping someone alive against their will in my book is morally wrong, and assisted suicide should be legal for those that consent to die that way. People who do not understand the concept of what euthanasia is see it as being morally wrong. The government has set laws against euthanasia because they think they are trying to prevent abuse and to protect the people. People who are against euthanasia see it as an easy way out of their suffering. Most of us who do not understand what euthanasia is fully do not understand why it should be legal, and that when they hear â€Å"suicide† they automatically think â₠¬Å"bad†.Euthanasia is not about the right to die it is about the right to kill. I think the main argument for the support of euthanasia and assisted suicide is that people should have the right to control their life and death, and should be able to end their lives when they wish. People who are terminally ill tend to be on a machine to keep them alive. In this fact of matter is the doctor or the nurses are playing god to their patients by keeping them alive, on a machine. I think we should be able to play god for once and choose our death.For example someone with ALS who is on a machine breathing for them, the machine is keeping them alive and being their god. Why can’t they be their own god and decided if they want to die by assisted suicide? Keeping someone alive and playing god for them isn’t the ethical thing to do. Dr. Jack Kevorkian, better known as â€Å"Dr. Death† was one doctor known as playing the role of â€Å"god†. Dr Jack Kevorkian was the only doctor to let people have their dying wish. This is a passage from Terry Youk; Jack Kevorkian helped terry’s brother with assisted suicide. I of course felt that Jack [Kevorkian] never should have gone to prison I don't believe that the medical service that he provided my brother and others is a crime. I think people look back and see that Jack was the only person that was willing to stand up during a divisive time and fight for what should be a right for all human beings to have choices at the end of their life. I think Jack provided for people that had fallen through the cracks of the health care system a way to die with some peace and dignity. Ultimately, Jack Kevorkian was our only option†¦ I am very grateful to Jack Kevorkian.I feel like he was a compassionate practitioner for my brother at the end of his life. † Feb. 25, 2009 – Terry Youk. I think people should be their own god and choose their own path to death even if it means euthanasia ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s their choice and their consent. With this comes the cost of keeping someone on life support or a machine to help them breath. Life support can cost between $9,000 to $15,000 a year. Drugs for assisted suicide cost up to $45 for each death. So it’s cheaper to let someone die by assisted suicide and have their consent than to keep them on life support.The counter argument for this is clear that people who are not for the legalization of assisted suicide say that the only person that can play god is god himself. God is the only one who can make the decision on when the right time for us to die is. People think that assisted suicide is morally wrong and god has planned their life to be that way and lived that way. They say that god plans out your life for a certain reason and you should just live the way he has made it for you, even if that means suffering.This is a religious view of why euthanasia should not be legalized. Certain religions think that if you choose eutha nasia you will go to hell because god did not seek this out to be their path. â€Å"I am dying. There’s no sense and trying to deny that fact†. This is a quote is from Craig Ewert a patient that decided to die by euthanasia. Craig had ALS and decided he didn’t want to live a life where he couldn’t do anything for himself so he passed with assisted suicide. The way he died was the doctor provided him medicine to drink that would stop his heart.Assisted suicide may not be right in some people’s mind, but in reality the one choosing euthanasia isn’t harming anyone because it is their life and they should be in control of what they do without being judged. Euthanasia is a highly debated subject when it is talked about. Euthanasia should be legal to perform in the United States to end the suffering of the terminally ill, that do not want to live a life where they can’t do anything but suffer and watch the ones they love suffer because they are suffering.Making it legal also gives us more of a people’s choice and us to play or own god and not have someone else make the decisions for us. Euthanasia in my point of view should be legal because it is morally wrong to deny someone their wish in dying and taking their rights from them. Work Cited International Task Force on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide â€Å"Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: Frequently Asked Questions,† www. internationaltaskforce. org, Jan. 2010 â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions,† www. nternationaltaskforce. org (accessed May 27, 2010) â€Å"Statement on Euthanasia,† on www. usccb. org, Sep. 12, 1991 â€Å" Terry Youk,† http://euthanasia. procon. org/view. source. php? sourceID=009779 , April 28th. 2010 Stephanie Clayton. â€Å"This House Believes that assisted suicide should be legalized. † idebate. org. 16 Feb 2012. idebate. org, Web. 26 Oct 2012. http://idebate. org/debatabase/debates/philosophy/house-believes- assisted-suicide-should-be-legalized

Fugitive Pieces by Anne Michaels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fugitive Pieces by Anne Michaels - Essay Example Grief contributes nothing but pain and unending sorrow. It is only allowing yourself be imprisoned in the past for which affects the people that you deal with at present, dragging them into feeling the same miseries that you have had in your past. We all share one world therefore it is of no wonder that we find people who share the same grievances with us. They may have different memories of the painful past, yet we find security upon knowing that somebody shares the same heartache that we have been into, lest that somebody had found peace against all the odds. No one can escape grief in a blink of an eye. The book supports the idea that healing a wounded heart requires enough time that its scar leaves a trace of that painful past "How many years pass before the difference between murder and death erodes Grief requires time. If a chip of stone radiates its self, its breath, so long, how stubborn might be the soul. If sound waves carry on to infinity, where are their screams now" It also took Jakob a sufficient time to be able for him to accept the realities that had happened to him and his family. He had grieved over his sister's loss that he finds himself even more miserable that he sees Bella in his wife's personality - which he eventually thought that life with her is impossible. This situation concerns the lines "the responsibility of forgiveness on behalf of the dead. No act of violence is ever resolved The bond of memory and history when they share space and time. Every moment is two moments." It is with his wife that every moment is two moments for it is with spending time with his wife that Jakob feels spending it with his sister as well. Therefore he had come into a realization that " to remain with the dead is to abandon them" Jakob thus chooses to live at present, see the beauty and the pleasures that the present bring by leaving his past behind, which means leaving Alex to give honor to his sister's memories and to look at forward to brand new memories he could keep in the future. Living harmoniously at present does not mean burying the memories of the past. It is accepting it and living with it, turning the other side of the stone into a meaningful and memorable past gaining more wisdom and strength out of that painful past. Pain is a common emotion that one feels whenever he has lost someone, or have gone through a dreadful past. However, with grief, one finds the beauty of life itself. "Then Jakob said: 'Perhaps the electron is neither particle nor wave but something else instead, much less simple - a dissonance - like grief, whose pain is love. We think of weather as transient, changeable, and above all, ephemeral; but everywhere nature remembers. Trees, for example, carry the memory of rainfall. In their rings we read ancient weather-storms, sunlight, and temperatures, the growing seasons of centuries'" These lines are just examples that grief could bring to a person. It allows us to see every privilege that we have been granted. In pain, our eyes are ope ned up to a world with so much to look forward to. "History is amoral: events occurred. But memory is moral; what we consciously remember is what our conscience remembers..." Memory is involved with not alone of the pictures of the past but it is at the same time feeling the same feeling

Strategy and Change Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategy and Change Management - Case Study Example This paper will focus and look into SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis with regards to Human Resource Management of Sony Ericsson in penetrating and merging different personnel in forming the venture that set a new trend to mobile phone industry in the world. When Sony and Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson have made ties in 2001, to produce cellular phones, there were a lot of tremendous changes that transpired between these companies that are now one. Though these companies have their similarities in terms of products they produce, Erricson is limited in producing telecommunication devices while Sony produces a wide array of appliances and electronic gadgets. Upon analyzing the nature of the products these two produces, one might say that there are also differences in the number of employees and the management of staff these companies have. devices and appliance. If we are to deal with the kind of manpower of these two, Erricsson has a more complicated and specialized staff because it deals with a particular product. In this case, one might conclude that detailed manpower specializing in every spare part and division is evident in the rank and file of this company. On the other hand, due to the fact that Sony produces several appliances, it has a complex staff because it deals with the general structure of the appliances that they produce does have similarities with several brands of appliance and in this case, they also employ people with general knowledge and does not require specialization since the production of the company deals with general application of appliances that are being produced since the make-up of these products are similar with other appliance products. When these companies ventured into one, there are changes that have been made. In this case, such changes include changes in strategy and approach of Human Resource Management. If there is indeed a change for Human Resource Management, therefore, the perfect pendulum of such a change is the SWOT analysis to test whether the changes in Human Resource Management is in accordance and jive with the vision of the company. In this particular case, this study will look into four key aspects of this kind of analysis. This would ensure whether the said move of these ventures with regards to its Human Resource Management Schemes would be an effective move if we are to deal with the effectiveness and welfare of the Human Resource in the company. Strategy and Change Management: Assessment 3 Company and Management Background of Sonny and Ericsson as separate entities Ericsson is a well-known company specializing in manufacturing mobile phones. The company enriched and employs people who are specializing in cellular phone technology as well as semi-conductor. In this case, the company is particular to the Human Resources which specialize in a certain field with certainly, a particular need. The website of the company ericsson.com (2007) described the company as "Ericsson is a world-leading provider of telecommunications equipment and related services to mobile and fixed network operators globally. Over 1,000 networks in 140 countries

Software Defined Networks (SDN) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Software Defined Networks (SDN) - Essay Example According to capability and application definition SDN seeks to provide a standard based application development platform and commoditize network hardware. This includes taking most of the functionality and features that exist in custom proprietary software then directing it in to an open SDN space. An in-depth on how SDN is implemented is that the system is incorporated in underutilized servers that information technology organizations already operate and own. In summary, the firmware of routers and network switches that has for a long time remained under the control of the companies that manufacture this equipment is been changed by making this remotely modifiable and remotely accessible through third party software clients, making use of open flow an example an open protocol. SDN allows for external access to the innards of routers and switches that were formally proprietary and closed and also for quick optimization and experimenting of routing or switching policies. The switchin g fabric of conventional Layer 2/3 networks serves as a routing and switching fabric for the blade center server chassis. These switches have the capability of layer 2 switching and layer three routing providing security and flexible traffic management in the chassis. The layer 2/3 fiber GbE and Copper switching modules provides full layer 2 switching making capabilities available such as link aggregation control, Cisco Ether channel, advanced spanning tree protocols and 802.1Q VLANs, Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), performance features and application delivery such as granular QOS, multicasting and snooping (‘Nortel Networks Layer 2/3 Gbe Switch Module’ 2004). The open flow technology showcases network programmability through the remote control application. This is all about remotely and directly programming a network switch to handle traffic dynamically in a particular way making use of the CLI type of commands. An example, to achieve the forward flow to a particular switch port, ensure other flows are blocked, while the switch is programmed to make such actions alternate in a predefined manner i.e. time interval of say 40 seconds. Use this demonstration using a number of servers that are to listen to the same multicast address while the switch is being programmed to allow a single server to give air play to a single client in the case of video servers. This application is applicable in the context of software defined networking as it empowers the operator, user and administrator to have an own definition of treating traffic. This, in a way, resembles the activities and operations of a TV remote control where one is able to switch through channels only that in this case it is automatic. This is transparent to the end host in that clients and video servers are unaware of the switch managing or controlling the traffic (Anderson, c, et al, 2009 Remote Control SDN). A command line interface (CLI) is a dialog or an interface where two prog rams or the user and the program pass a command line in SDN it is an essential key aspect. Such command lines used in software defined networks are some of the windows shell and OS/2 presentation manager these graphical interfaces helps programs and users communicate with their execution strategies such as opening programs and documents. The registry or the graphical shell is where these commands are stored. In SDN standard input/output interface (stdin $ stdout) can be

Entrepreneurship and Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneurship and Law - Research Paper Example It can be attested that this is a huge step towards the promotion of entrepreneurial activities since it gives entrepreneurs the opportunity to contact more investors. In this relation, more laws and rules that are still oppressive and restrictive to the profitable activities of entrepreneurs should be revised to open more opportunities and help to enhance economies (Medved, 2013). However, since it is an activity that involves new technological advancements in relation to the use of social networking sites, it will be imperative to come up with new legislation and laws. This will create platforms through which the entrepreneurs and investors can conduct their operations in ways that are legally acceptable. In addition, they will serve as means through which internet crimes can be prevented hence the maintenance of social media security. The main item being brought up in this article is the activities of different entrepreneurs. These are the individuals who are occupied in the legal manufacture and sale of new psychoactive substances. However, they market them as â€Å"not for human consumption†. A great contradiction is highlighted in this article in the sense that drugs, which are usually considered as illegal substances can be legal, sold in areas such as Belgium hence the title ‘legal high†. According to the article, most people are putting an end to other business activities to get involved in the business of making drugs. This involves the production of powders and pills that are psychoactive in nature (Whalen & Zhang, 2010). In relation to this article, I think that the governing body at Antwerp and Belgium, in general, should conduct more research about these drugs that are considered to lie in between the legal and illegal zones. This is because it is a great indication that as much as they are legal they are not safe for consumption.  It is sustained by the fact that the producing entrepreneur admits that the Nopaine drug they manufacture â€Å"is every bit as good as cocaine†.

You choose the topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

You choose the topic - Essay Example The governments that exist today and related organization like the United Nations have attributed their democratic tastes from the theories of John Winthrop and Thomas Hobbes. In Social Contract, Hobbes states in his Second Law of Nature that preservations are self-sought communally and rationally. Winthrop’s Model of Christian Charity comes out with several rules that are necessary for carrying out various activities. It is through the ideas of the two renowned scholars that the ideals of democracy have been adapted. In Hobbes account of the widely respected field of human psychology, he illustrates the first law of nature (Fabre 32). The rule states that human beings are forbidden from carrying out acts that can destroy their lives or take away the means of preserving the very same lives. He further explains that self-preservation is sought rationally through a communal agreement (Fabre 34). It is, therefore, natural for individuals to give up on some freedom or liberty so as to attain the security of self-preservations. From this, Hobbes comes up with a concept that socials organizations and political settings that are present today are anchored on or pay much emphasis on them. The condition that forces individuals to give up rights at the expense of collective security is termed as a social contract. Contract emerges from the mutual transfer of the rights (Fabre 12). Nature has it that all are entitled to everything. There should be no limits to the right of natural freedom or liberty. So when individuals agree to transfer these rights to freedom, the social contract is achieved. In the place of natural right, a limited right comes in, for example, the right to property (Lijphart 45). According to Hobbes, these agreements are not made only because one is raised in a more civil society that has rules and conventions (Fabre 11). It is, therefore, by performance throughout experimentations regarding state of nature and adhering to the

Coal impact on the environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Coal impact on the environment - Essay Example They tend to have an effect on the air, water as well as the animals. It also harms the health of the human beings (Finkelman et al 1999; Hill 2010). The burning of coal results in the production of many chemical substances which mainly include carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitric oxide. Coal also does not undergo complete combustion and ash is a substance which remains after the combustion of coal. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and it is released in very high amounts by the burning of coal. This increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the air results in increasing the temperature of the world and promotes the phenomenon of global warming. Sulphur dioxide is also a harmful gas and results in the formation of acid rain. Nitric oxide is also a toxic gas which can result in the formation of an even more unstable substance known as toxic and at the same time nitric oxide also has the capability of causing acid rain (International Labour Office et al 1994). The quantity of ash that is released during the process of mining and burning is extensively high. It has been analyzed in the United States on an annual basis approximately 100 million tons of ash is produced due to the combustion of almost one billion ton of coal. Forty percent of the ash can be reutilized for forming other products which include cement but a large proportion still remains. The ash has a tendency to accumulate on land as well as it can make its way towards the water reservoirs and contaminate them by forming acids and follow the process of further addition of metals. Ash is disposed off in areas under the land and it is also kept in ‘ponds’ so that it can stay moistened. If proper regulations are not undertaken underground ash can also enter the underground water. Ponds also need to be checked and regulated because an incident occurred in the year 2008 when there was a spillage of the moistened coal and it resulted in contaminating the water in the river and a group of Tennessee individuals (Hill 2010; Mackenzie et al 2005). The mining of coal also results in the production of radioactive substances; though the quantity of the released substances is not very high. It has been analyzed that the population residing near the coal plants receive a higher rate of contact with these radiations than do the people who reside near nuclear power plants. This is because of the fact that the regulations at the nuclear power plants are strict and hence they minimize the release of radiations into the atmosphere (Hill 2010). The procedure of the mining of coal also carries many environmental affects. The mining which takes place on the surface as well as underground mines result in the contact of the rocks which are made up of sulphur to air and oxygen. This results in the formation of sulphur dioxide. This acid further tends to worsen the effect by acting on the rocks and causing them to release metals. The acid plus the metals gain ways to the water reserv oirs. This results in contaminating the water reservoirs and it harms the life that exists in water. It is found to be harmful not only for the microorganisms in the water but it also results in the death of fishes. These contaminated substances also tend to impact the land as well (Hill 2010; Mackenzie et al 2005). The burning of coal can also result in many harmful effects on the health of the human beings. ‘Black Lung Disease’

Introduction to Planning and the Planning Hierarchy Article

Introduction to Planning and the Planning Hierarchy - Article Example lves environmental assessment, formulation of strategies, implementation of the strategies and the process of evaluation and control (Paul et.al, 2011). In this regard, the two are similar in the process of gathering the information. As the nursing process inquires information from the patient, the strategic planning process assesses the environment to establish the changes that are required. In project management the most effective plan is developed and implemented by the project manager and the team. In the nursing process, a nurse adequately develops and integrates a plan to care for the patient. Also, in the strategic planning process, evaluation of the implemented strategies is important to assess whether the objectives are met. In the same case, evaluation process is undertaken by the nurses to assess whether the outcomes are achieved (Sare and Ogilvie, 2010). Nevertheless, the two are different from one another in a number of ways. In strategic planning process, the assessment is done in different levels of a company and the strategy to be implemented is dependent on the decision made by the top level management. In the nursing process, the nurse is the decision maker and basically dwells on the clinical judgments to ascertain the plan to undertake which is not influenced by his or her superiors but the code of conduct. Also, in the nursing process, the nurse may come up with the decision alone something that is not possible in strategic planning process where a number of strategies have to first be developed and weighed against the companies’ vision, mission and goals and the involves a number of individuals at different levels of the organization. In this regard, the different nurse leaders or managers need to be familiar with the planning hierarchy and the various business principles to be able to effectively assess a health situation, develop proper initiatives to be undertaken and to properly integrate the needed plans to address a situation while

University Admission Process in Chile Essay Example for Free

University Admission Process in Chile Essay Learning implies having had access to it, counting with quality books and teachers and being in an enviroment where culture is important. Therefore, what PSU does is to prevent poor students -who have abilities but did not have acces to knowledge-, from developping a professional course of high standards. In addition, PSU does not accomplish its main task, which is selecting the more qualified students to go to traditional universities. Because it does not messures abilities, nor skills. Just training. The ones who are good at memorizing and trained themselves correctly can have a high score. There are schools (normally private schools) that dedicate exclusive time to prepare their students for this exam, leaving behind other important subjects. This situation leads us to a third negative characteristic of our university admission process. In Chile exists the business of something similar to pre-colleges. Here, the ones who can afford these classes are taught the mechanism of PSU. And in concequence, they are the more prepared to take the exam than the ones who were not able to pay for extra lessons. ALTERNATIVE ADMISSION PROCESSES. One of the main achievements of last year’s strike in our university was the posibility of having an alternative admission process, apart from PSU. Senior year students from schools with low budget can be matriculated at University of Concepcion with only de minimum PSU score this university requires (475 or 500) and having had at least a 5 in their high school grades average. There is a quota of 56 students in 49 courses. Medicine, Law, Astronomy, Sociology, Psicology, History Teaching, among others. Another admission process in Chile is the pre-college system. It is found in several universities in the country. (de Santiago, Cardenal Silva Henriquez, Alberto Hurtado, Tecnologica Metropolitana, Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educacion y Catolica del Norte) In University of Santiago, this programme started in 2007 with the support of UNESCO (united nacions. Educational, scientific and cultural organization). This system allowes students with the best grade averages of low budget schools, be matriculated at this university. No PSU score required. After selecting the students, they take classes of Spanish, Maths and Cultural Management for five months. If the sudents attend all lessons, they get matriculated in college at the University of Santiago with a full scholarship. And afterwards, they are able to study a professional course at this university. CONCLUSION As we said before, our current university admission process helps to increase our social differences and discriminates students from low economic stratums. Thus, we realised the solutions we suggest will be useless unless there is a deep structural change in our educational system, and if we look further, a change in our society. However, we hope these alternatives get massively increased in the near future. This way, the university access will be improved for the ones who really want to study regardless of their economic condition. So what we -common citizens students and teachers- must do, is get informed and communicate others about the problems that bother us. And take advantage of oportunities like last years strike to accomplish our aims and demands.

Incident A Matter of Priorities Essay Example for Free

Incident A Matter of Priorities Essay Thompson, production manager of Thompson Manufacturing, has the final authority when hiring any new supervisors. Sheila is currently looking to fill a position and having her Human Resources manager, Pete Peterson, do preliminary interviews to do the initial screening of applicants before being sent to her for final approval. Preliminary interviews are being conducted at the same time Sheila is having a very busy day. Pete Peterson has found a possible suitable young applicant by the name of Allen Guthrie that he would like Sheila to immediately see since Mr Guthrie is already on the premises. Current Situation Sheila Thompson is already having a hectic day at her office. While a search for a suitable candidate out of the applicant pool to fill a supervising position is being conducted by the Human Resources manager, Pete Peterson, Ms. Thompson is busy at work taking multiple phone calls and handling business affairs for Thompson Manufacturing. Pete Peterson has contacted Sheila about a possible candidate he finds will make an excellent supervisor that she has been looking for. Although Sheila is too busy to have in interview she agrees to see Mr. Guthrie immediately. During their interview Ms. Thompson has to take multiple phone calls and halt their interview progress. The duties she must attend to have come before the interview and Mr Guthrie, her applicant, many times. After another interruption Mr Guthrie has to leave in order to pick up his wife from work. The interview has not been completely, but Sheila has instructed Allen Guthrie to call her at another time. Answering the Questions Sheila Thompson has been tasked with having the final approval of hired applicants when looking to fill a supervisor position. The applicants go through the normal procedure in order to make it through into a structured interview. A structured interview has the ability to â€Å" increase reliability and accuracy by reducing the subjectivity and inconsistency of unstructured interviews†(Mondy 153). Her applicant who made it through the screening, Allen Guthrie, was advised he would be able to have an interview with Ms.Thompson immediately after his screening. Sheila notably has been far too busy already to take on this take, being impromptu, but decided she would see the applicant in leu of her busy schedule. Sheila, being the production manager that she is should have realized it was not the time to conduct a structured interview with any applicant at that time. She simply could have instructed her Human Resources manager, Pete Peterson, that it would have been improper for the applicant and her current work situations. Sheila should have made the executive decision to either commit herself to the interview, or schedule it for another day where she can put the invested time needed when conducting an interview for a possible supervisor. There were too many interruptions understand the applicant fully and give the interview the time it deserved to make an executive decision. Also, when a her attention, when able to be given, was on her applicant there were more pressing work concerns at hand at that time. Interviews should happen on a time when there would be a low impact on office hours and business. For the future, a scheduled interview will cause a less of an business impact and she would be able to focus her attention on her applicant in order to make an executive decision if he is the right fit for the position. Sheila Thompson, being the production manager, makes the final approval for all her intended supervisors. Her Human Resources manager, Pete, makes the selection process and forwards them to Sheila for final approval. Pete may have an idea of what Sheila is looking for, but he can only try to find a right fit based on experience and record. Since Sheila has the final approval she may be looking for something that Pete does not look for or screen for. Having Pete screen possible applicants will cut down on time spent for the production manager, who is obviously busy, but should be handled for employees not in the pool for a supervising position. If Sheila is the only manager able to make the final approval for supervisors, she should be the one running the selection process as well. If what Sheila is searching for, does not match what Pete screens for there it can waste precious company time and resources. The selection process of choosing from a group of applicants the individual best suited for a particular position and the organization†(Mondy 138). Pete may very well reject an employee he may not find suitable for the position, while Sheila may have found the applicant perfect. In order for time and company efficiency it is in Sheila’s, and Thompson Manufacturing, that she do the selection process if she wishes to have the final approval as well. Conclusion Sheila Thompson never should agreed to conduct an impromptu interview in the manner that she had. An interview is meant to find the perfect candidate suitable for the position in question and the company as a whole. With the interview performed how it was she was not able to perform her duties as a production manager or hiring manager for supervisors. If she had been in charge of the selection process for supervisor positions she could have allocated proper time to find the pool of candidates that fit her needs for the position as well as set up a proper time where she could conduct the interview without office distractions.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) at Tesco

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) at Tesco 1.0 Introduction 1.1 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY CSR is defined as the commitment of business to contribute to sustainable economic development, working with employees, their families, the local community and society at large to improve their quality of life. http://www.mallenbaker.net/csr/definition.. It can also be defined as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. http://www.emagltd.co.uk/SMMT%20Sustainability%20Business%20Case.pdf Corporate social responsibility is one of the organisation responses to regularise the imbalances resulting from the acceleration of the global contributions to societies where they operate. CSR is the practice of managing the social, environmental and economic impacts of the company, being responsive to stakeholders (those who are affected by a business operation) and behaving according to a set of values which are not codified in law. In practice the term process. http://www.ethicalconsumer.org.uk/magazine/indexes/productindex.htm CSR describes the principle that companies can and should make a positive contribution to society. Refer to a wide range of actions that companies may take, from donating to charity to reducing carbon emissions, Environmental awareness and friendliness http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/ecology/restore.htm. The contributions are of many dimensions but mention in the following line a few: corporate philanthropy Cause-related marketing Sponsoring awards, social and environmental reporting Stakeholder engagement Stakeholder engagement Eco-efficiency, employment diversity business ethics (htt://www.mallenbaker.net/csr/CSRfiles accessed on 23rd November 2009) TASK 1 1.2 The Approach to CSR in TESCO Supermarket TESCO plc could be described as a grocery selling company that is duly register in the groceries market. We shall be looking at the its approaches to issue of csr to its strategies, policies and business practices through its business core value . the definition of the company core value, was dusted to have said â€Å"our core value no one tried harder to customer , and treat people how we like to be treated characterised our approach to Corporate Social Responsibility†. It is the believe of the company that she can achieve most when they work together on practical thing that make a difference. Every little help, can become great deal when everyone pulls in same direction. (: http/www.tesco.ie/csr/ndex.html) 1.2.1 Environment. Tesco promote environmental issues through training package in oder to create enough awareness on the issue on environment and to allow the company to maximize its operational effectiveness initiatives 1.2.2 Community. In several attempt to give back to the society where tesco operates tesco create special support for children community based projects and education programmes in order to create a peaceful environment to operate. ./ http/www.tesco.ie/csr/ndex.html) 1.2.3 Suppliers ethical trading In other to maintain high ethical standard in it business practices, the company is said to be encouraging a long term trade relationship with supplier with a centralized distribution system with transparency and accountability to promote good quality of rang products and services at competitive pricing. (http/www.tesco.ie/csr/ndex.html) 1.2.4 Customers choice and health It promote the health of the customers through the management of customers choices. This cold be confirmed throght the following slogan of commitment and promise of good range of prodct and service: Be Inclusive by: which mean tesco will continue to appeal to a broad range of customers and that the company will offer something for everyone through an extensive product range, offering price and product choice, in food and non-food) ,Be Innovative by leading new customer developments: new product development, retail services and technology,.( http/www.tesco.ie/csr/ndex.html) 1.2.5 People / workers Employee are given opportunities of carrier development programmes through Training and development programme with effective communication to facilitate staffs feedback, ,rewards and benefit are us to motivate workers is based on performances on the job, pension schema, save as you earn, family friendly working through flexible hours of work to accommodate mother education. ( http/www.tesco.ie/csr/ndex.html) 1.2.6 Genetic Modification: removal of GM and increase in non GM option for our customer by adding organic ranges(organic food) ,labeling animal welfare and animal testing by not allowing none of the suppliers is allow to test product on animal but by using known ingredient human volunteer trials, .( http/www.tesco.ie/csr/ndex.html) Property :tesco store is usually built with accessing line with the customers comfort and the regulation, landscaping is done with approval by local authority planning department.( http/www.tesco.ie/csr/ndex.html) 1.3 The Impact of EU Membership on CSR Approach The TESCO CSR as been affected by continued EU membership as the ten point gender were tailored to address the requirement of the EU in terms of social responsibilities that is expected of any company that is operating in their communities. This is to appeal to the society where it operate being a company from non EU country TESCO is a company originated from the non EU, European Union in it full context was established in order to promote economic corporation among the members, by removing trade barriers and also for common external trade policies within the members and the rest of the world. In the other way round, this is has put TESCO under certain law restriction ,even while it deem it fit to exercise its CSR agenda without an EU legal implication, such decision was been confirm recently as the TESCO had place sales embargo or restriction on its purchase from Zimbabwe. In the global content, looking at barrier in different regulation governing business operation around the world, this might render most of the good intention undone. Such differences in regulation is characterised by the imbalance between the developed countries and developing countries as regards how its been governed, especially in the developing countries that lack good governance ,where most of the multinational operate without any or less attention to the environment where they operate . Most importantly the same company might not be able to do it in the developed countries. The cartel formed through any economic union groups such as EU could hinder the implementation of corporate social responsibility .Just as the decision taking by the union superseded that of the company, therefore will not be willing to dam the consequences of being an act against the instruction of the union. TASK2 2.0 THE TESCO POLICIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND HEALTH AND SAFETY PRACTICES 2.1 A. the policies adopted by Tesco on the environmental awareness and the actions to maintain the environment 2.1.1Climate Change Tesco supports the governments commitments to the Kyoto protocol on climate change. It is among of the Tesco targets to reducing its energy consumption and emissions of greenhouse gasses responsible for climate change. .( http/www.tesco.ie/csr/ndex.html access on 20th nov.2009) 2.1.2 Waste Management and Recycling In order to reduce the waste in their operation tesco is committed to reduce level of waste and to encourage recycling programme as much as possible.( http/www.tesco.ie/csr/ndex.html access on 20th nov.2009). .The supermarkets also have an effective recycling programme in place for its operations which board, and plastic balers in the stores and depots. These balers enable our staff to segregate packaging waste from other waste and mean that Tesco stores send no packaging waste to landfill sites. .( http/www.tesco.ie/csr/ndex.html access on 20th nov.2009). the company also make sure that all the waste contractor used are EPA licence 2.1.4 Disposal of used products Tesco have put arrangements in place with specialist contractors to ensure the environmentally compliant disposal of the fluorescent light tubes, tires, batteries and engine oils that tesco use in its business.( http/www.tesco.ie/csr/ndex.html) 2.1.5 Plastic Bag Schemes tesco has been working hand in hand with government in supporting the government since it has introduced levels in march 2002. Tesco help in collection the fees and encourage the reuse of the bags.( http/www.tesco.ie/csr/ndex.html access on 20th nov.2009) 2.1.6 Customer recycling schemes in order to assist the public to play their own part on the environmental issues Tesco also lunched in store recycling scheme for customer to disposed their mobile phone.where they can also make charity donation or collect club card point on their accounts .( http/www.tesco.ie/csr/ndex.html access on 20th nov.2009) 2.2 B. actions which Tesco has been taken in order to maintain the environment 2.2.1 Revolution in green consumption Tesco have made strides towards a revolution in green consumption incentivising the environmental option and making it more affordable. Through their unique Green Club card scheme, we have reduced carrier bag use by over one billion, more than any other retailer, and we are on track to save an extra billion bags in the next year. 2.2.2 Reduction in c02 emission In a bid to contribute to the reduction of C02 the company has established a target to sell 10 million of energy efficiency light bulbs per anum, to reduce energy consumption by half per each square foot right from 2001 which could be said to be two years ahead of target, carborn intensive in the tesco stores has been reduced to 22% since 2007. http://www.advfn.com/news). in totalty of the approach , tesco has been able to reduce the CO2 by 10% in one year. 2.2.3 Contribution to the Community. Tesco has claimed that its staff has achieved more successful Charity of the Year ever, by raising  £4.4 million for the British Red Cross. it was also claimed that they have donating  £100,000 to the British Red Cross flood appeal last summer, they also make provision for hygiene, foods and bottle water for the affected communities in important part of the south west.( http://www.advfn.com/news). 2.2.4 Contribution to health research programmes tesco has been contributing to health through sponsoring of games and events.it has help over i.5m people to get active this year through wich it has been able to get about 665000 people to take part in 5km running through cancer research UKs Race for life plus 21000 tesco staff. Tesco also runs partnership relationship with football association as way to get 2million people to run up to the London olympic2012. Tesco also run programme in supporting football at the local level as a way of encouraging children to participate in sport events. http://www.advfn.com/news). 2.3 C. policies adopted to improve Health and safety practises at the work place in Tesco In the Tesco health and safety policies, Tesco is foremost concern about the protection of health and safety of all employee, Tesco claimed to have adopted policies and procedures which are aimed at ensuring that the company meet or exceed all applicable health and safety laws and regulation as well as prevailing industry standards For these reasons employees are expected to be aware of how the companys health and safety policies apply to them and conduct their duties and responsibility in compliance with these policies. In 2006 TESCO set a three-year target to reduce the rate of reportable accidents in our UK workplace by 10%. At the end of the first two years we have already comfortably beaten the target, with a reduction of 14%. Reportable customer accidents on premises are also significantly down, by 15% since 2006. Tesco promise to continue to strive to push the rates down even further http://www.tesco.ie/crreview08/people-progress5.html . The company also affirmed to continue to attract and retain the best staff based on our core value, treat people how we like to be treated, by making Tesco a rewarding place to work.( http://www.tescocorporate.com/plc access on 20th nov.2009) However these approaches seem to address issue of health and safety as it is being required by law but the interest of the employees was seems not adequately protected. The policies seem to be silence about the importance of training the employees on the better handling of health and safety. This could be confirmed in a recent case of Tesco and one of it is employees. Supermarket chain Tesco was fined  £22,000 after a general assistant lost one of his fingers attempting to fix a Master mover machine. Darryl Mosley was working at Tesco in Haverford west in south West Wales and was trying to use the pedestrian electric tug machine to move roll cages. When he realised the mechanism on the equipment was faulty, he attempted to fix it manually. (Published by Tesco admin on March 27, 2009) In respect to environmental awareness, Tesco have it in its policies to minimize the effect of her operation on the natural environment â€Å"We endeavour to meet all regulation and the industry standards by implementing appropriate measure for the assessment of the potential environmental effects and for appropriate response to any incident that may occurred. Employee is also charge to be familiar with the required environmental standard that applies to their works at Tesco and to comply with these standards at all times. (http://www.tescocorporate.com/plc access on 20th nov.2009) TASK 3 3.0 ANALYSIS OF THE WORKFORCE DIVERSITY AND EMPLOYEE WELFARE IN TESCO AND THE APPROACHES IT HAS USED IN MANAGING AND EXPLOITING THE WORKFORCE DIVERSITY FOR ITS COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 3.1 Steps that has been taken in ensuring Workforce Diversity and Employee Welfare in Tesco plc 3.2 Introduction of diversity strategy and policies Tesco want everyone at Tesco to meet their full potential regardless of age, gender, disability, ethnicity or sexual orientation. Tesco diversity strategy and policies aims for a workforce at all levels that mirrors the communities we serve. The priorities reflect those of the countries in which we operate. Tesco focus on employing local people and developing local leaders wherever we operate. Of the 180,000 people employed in their international business, fewer than 200 are from our UK business. http://www.tescoreports.com/crreview08/downloads/tesco_valuing_our_people.pdf access on 20th nov.2009) 3.3 Ethnic and cultural diversity TESCO diversity policies do not discriminate on the basis of ethnic origin. and it also promote understanding of different cultures to help employees work effectively together .inter religion approach is encourage by the company as the store in UK celebrate cultural festivals with the British festivals. In other word, it promote .In 2007, this toolkit was updated to cover the growing range of cultures and countries our employees and customers come from, including Bangladesh, the Caribbean, China, Ghana, India, Pakistan, Poland and Somalia. http://www.tescoreports.com/crreview08/downloads/tesco_valuing_our_people.pdf 3.4 Employees to different people of cultural background Introduction of the workforce diversity practices in Tesco has allow the company to enjoy multicultural business advantages , an approach which has made him to capture more market supermarket sector especially in united kingdom where there is full presence of people of different cultural background. Employees of different background are brought together to work in the same company, this facilitate motivation among the workers and therefore lead to hi retentions of the workers in Tesco. (http://www.tescocorporate.com/plc access on 20th nov.2009 3.5 No discrimination on Age ground There is no retirement age in any of the countries where we operate and employ people in their 70s and 80s. In 2007, we launched apprenticeships in the UK for people of all ages to help them develop their careers. 3.6 Gender and sexual Orientation In 2007 the Tesco Womens Network, was launched which aims to help female managers and directors progress. Around 150 women from across the Group attended the launch event. We are in the process of forming a similar network for sexual orientation. http://www.tescocorporate.com/plc access on 20th nov.2009) 3.7 Flexible working TESCO support flexible hours whenever possible. In the UK this includes family-friendly shifts, opportunities for full- and part-time workers, childcare vouchers and career breaks. TESCO also encourage job sharing, flexi-time and compressed hours, shift swaps, home working and part-time working when practical. This has given Tesco the advantage of high commitment and reduces employees turn over. 3.8 Human rights Tesco is committed to upholding basic Human Rights and supports in full the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Labour Organization Core Conventions. Tesco provide a safe working environment for our employees by minimizing foreseeable risks in the workplace. Employees have the right to freedom of association and collective bargaining. http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/corporate_responsibility_09/people/human_rights/ This create high sense of belonging among the Tesco workers and they trusted their careers with Tesco where they felt their right where been protected. (http://www.tescocorporate.com/plc access on 20th nov.2009) 4.0 CONCLUSION Organisation now find itself in a wider environment that is full of turbulent and unpredictable .This is an important issue that is correcting any myopic thinking that organisation objective is all about profit maximisation , but also to consider the issue of corporate social responsibility as a matter of high priority. No organisation can exist without the environment and the profit objective can also be affected if attention is not given to it .It also bring about the ethical issue that has to do with organisation values and how the corporate organisation relate with the environment. The social responsibilities also involve the organisation culture and value and how the employees are treated in the work place. There would not be any doubt, if corporate social responsibility is an obligation require from individual organisations which could be varies in proportion to the capacity of such organisation and the implication of their service on the environment. In the global context organisation that are Multinational, International Transnational, finds themselves in volatile and conflicting zone of the great corporate social responsibilities. Economic unions ,political groups and other form of pressure groups are in place to make sure that organisation are made to attend to the social responsibility as one of the companys objectives .This has constituted a lot of conflicts in dealing with regulations due to different in regulations and other environmental changes in different countries and continents. The contents of which were differ from each other .It is therefore considered that organisation and the environment could not be separated or treat in isolation one is the function of another :and to make the other work, one need to reciprocate in term of its obligation in the area of responsibilities. Just the way everything seems to have been working for Tesco UK PLC. 4.1 Recommendation As a result of the conclusion to this report the relevant of the corporate responsibilities to organisation performance and to the achievement of the organisation overall goals could no longer be denied. Hence this report will give room for more report on the issue of the CSR and how the organisation can apply that to gain competitive advantage. REFERENCES Richard C. (2006) New Era of Management, Thomson South West, ISE, U K. http//www.eu htt://www.mallenbaker.net/csr/CSRfiles accessed on 23rd November 2009) htt://www.tescocorporate.com/page.aspx?poitend accessed on 2nd December, 2009 http://www.tescocorporate.com/plc/ir/rns/rnsitem?id=1214847199nRn2d9573Xt=popup_rn .( http/www.tesco.ie/csr/ndex.html) (12-9-09) http://www.advfn.com/news_Final-Results_27119452.html World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Cross Cutting Themes -Corporate Responsibility 2004. Available at http://www.wbcsd.org, accessed May 2004. http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1450context=commpapers accessed on 2nd December, 2009 http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/corporat/ accessed on 2nd December, 2009 http://www.tesco.ie/crreview08/people-progress5.html accessed on 2nd December, 2009

Societal Structure of the Ottoman Empire :: World History

Societal Structure of the Ottoman Empire By the 16th century, the vast and mighty empire of the Ottomans had reached the zenith of its power. The lands under Ottoman rule stretched from the heart of Central Europe to the deserts of Arabia. In nearly every respect, the Ottoman Empire was strong and well-organized. As such, it comes as no surprise that the people under Ottoman rule were organized in a neat power structure as well. From the royal Sultan to the villagers in the rayyah class, the people of the Empire each had a unique position in Ottoman society. At the very top of the pyramidal societal structure was the Sultan, absolute commander of all, and executor of decisions concerning politics and state wealth (for the purposes of serving the state's interests). A step below the Sultan were a small group of wealthy, esteemed leaders, who were ascribed special status because they were essentially the Sultan's "slaves". The main duties of this select little group were to protect and enlarge the financial assets of the state for the benefit of the Sultan and the Empire. These leaders also ruled and defended the far-flung Ottoman Empire. While the Sultan invested wealth and the leaders protected it, the majority of commoners, the rayyahs, had the task of actually producing the wealth. The rayyahs had to pay part of their profits from industry, commerce, and farming to the state in the form of taxes. Townsfolk, villagers, and pastoral peoples made up the eclectic mix of the rayyah class. The word "rayyah" literally translates into "the protected flock of the Sultan". While Ottoman society was clearly divided into distinct social classes, these classes were neither closed nor confining, meaning that with the proper attributes and luck, a man could raise his social status. For example, to be a member of the small ruling class below the Sultan, one had to possess the following three qualities: - deep-rooted patriotism and loyalty for the Empire and the Sultan. - acceptance and practice of Islam, which was integrated into the Ottoman lifestyle. - knowledge and practice of the Ottoman Way, which consisted of complex customs, behavior, and language. If a rayyah possessed these qualities, he had a chance of becoming one of the numbered leaders. On the other hand, if a leader appeared to be lacking one or more of these qualities, he could just as easily be removed from his position and sink to being a rayyah again. The shaping force behind the Ottoman Empire was most definitely the religion of Islam. As a result, religion became a foremost guiding factor in people's lives.

Music Essay -- essays research papers

Mozart, Wofgang Amadeus (1756-1791) Austrian born, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was regarded to be the greatest child prodigy the world has ever known. At age four, he heard his older sister playing a harpsichord minuet. Mozart begged his father to let him try the piece, and by ear, he played the piece perfectly. Throughout his life, tragedy struck. He was one of the most talented composers ever to walk the face of the earth, yet he led a life filled with much unhappiness. Upon traveling to Italy, Mozart fell in love with the Italian opera. One of his most famous peras is The Escape from the Seraglio, in which the heroine was named after his wife Constanze. Although many of the people in Vienna greatly praised this opera, Mozart's patron, Emperor Joseph, was not a fan of the style. Even though Mozart had his streaks of bad luck and his family was often in debt, his marriage to Costanze held many moments of happiness. On Sunday mornings, Haydn and two other musician friends from Vienna would show up at Mozart's residence and would play string quartets. Haydn is quoted as telling Mozart's father, "I declare to you upon my honor that I consider your son the greatest composer that I have ever heard (Kaufmann, 67)." Mozart composed many operas of which his most loved are The Marraige of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Cosi Fan Tutte. His last opera, The Magic Flute, has charm and intelligence, even though it was written when he was sick and depressed. Ironically, during the sam...

Raising kids :: essays research papers

The object of this study is to carry out a small scale investigation, based on the Hess et al (1980) study which was development expectations of children on of mothers in different countries. Factors that I shall be taking into consideration whilst carrying out the interviews include the participants’ race, cultural background and their socio-economic status. I will also address the significance of aspects such as child having siblings, being raised by a single parent or a first time parent(s). All the areas covered in this study may to some extent affect how a child is raised and also lend some explanation to the different views the parent has acquired about the relationship with their child A child may often learn from others around them, by copying or engaging themselves in similar behavioural patterns. Parents often tend to set boundaries of what is acceptable to them. Some of their views may be typical to others; others may be formed by a certain cultural demand. A child may discover the ability to carry out certain tasks at a particular age yet the parent may feel that their child should be doing that task before or after a certain age; indeed these aspects of parenting can cause great anxieties. Taking a look back at Hess et al’s study it can be seen by the statement cards that many parents often have different opinions or expectations on when their child should be able to do something, possibly in comparison to the behaviour of other parents with their children, or how they themselves have been raised. Parental influence on children is very important in the early stages of child development and as the children grow they will start to deal with things in the ir own way, compiling what they have been taught by parents with their own experiences and understanding of their background and social environment. In addition children’s own observations from their environment as well as their engagement with older and closer age children can often contribute to their learning from others for example in feeding and dressing themselves and other such activities, in doing so they are getting to grasps with different emotions and ultimately the art of human interaction. Children have the ability to resolve issues by learning to balance initiative against the demand of others. Development involves change and this goes for any of the stages in child development, but more crucial are the issues that affect the rate of a child’s development.

What Important Lessons in Life Are Learned Away from School?

Education plays a pivotal role in the life of any person. Some think that learning is done primarily in school. It is true that educational institutions have been so entwined with the process of learning where students learn languages and a variety of other subjects to learn how to communicate and analyze. However, important lessons outside school are also important to develop skills in us to prepare us for the future. One of the most important lessons that school cannot teach is morality. School cannot and will not be the yardstick of right and wrong.To be a person of integrity, one could probably attend a religious institution and learn the principles of upright living. To be morally upright would definitely help one to be a better person and grant him the inner peace that he needs for daily living. Living by the religious principles such as the Proverbs in the bible would also be able to guard him from committing follies that can be avoided. Another important lesson that one can l earn outside school is the skills of financial planning. Although school teaches the calculation of figures, it does not teach us how these figures would affect us financially in our lives.By learning to budget wisely, one would not end up in unnecessary debts. It is not uncommon to find young adults under a huge credit-card debt. To avoid such dire situations, one needs to learn the discipline to save, invest and spend wisely so that there will be wealth accumulation and funds set aside for a rainy day. Beside financial planning, we must learn lessons of hardship and perseverance. Without such values, one would be easily set back by failures. Hence, taking vacational jobs to earn some pocket money is an excellent opportunity to learn how to withstand hardship.For example, I was employed as a waiter in a five-star hotel. Having to stand daily for hours has taught me to take hardship in good stride. Such lesson would not have been made possible in school where children learn academic success above anything else. Finally, the school usually does not teach us the skills of widening and deepening friendship. Learning the right communication skills and the social boundary that we should keep between friends will enable us to understand and appreciate our friends better.A widening social circle and an inner sphere of intimate friends are important to help one succeed in life. A friend can be there to give advice, provide business opportunities and even provide a listening skill. Unfortunately, the school does not provide such skills and this could only be learnt from home and interaction with the outside world. In conclusion, it is a fallacy to think that everything can be learnt in school. One should always display a willingness to learn and relearn out of school context to be able to strive and thrive in this changing world.

Cardiovascular Disease Essay

Through cohort study designs and other evidence-based management studies, identify the major causes of CVD, and analyze the key steps, including current medications, used to address the disease. The understanding of the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular diseases is evolving rapidly, especially atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial, ischemia, and congestive heart failure. The role of genetics and its interaction with environment in the etiology and the progression of all forms of cardiovascular diseases is just one example of new information that is leading to improvements in prevention and treatment. Cardiovascular diseases include illnesses that involve the blood vessels like the veins, arteries and capillaries or even the heart, or both. The cardiovascular system, also called the circulatory system, is the system that moves blood throughout the human body. It is composed of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. It transports oxygenated blood from the lungs and heart throughout the whole body through the arteries. Blood goes through the capillaries and vessels situated between the veins and arteries. When the blood has been depleted of oxygen, it makes its way back to the heart and lungs through the veins. The circulatory system may also include the circulation of lymph, which is essentially recycled blood plasma after it has been filtered from the blood cells and returned to the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system does not include the lymphatic system. In this article, the circulatory system does not include the circulation of lymph. Angina is most frequently the result of underlying coronary artery disease. The coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygen rich blood. When cholesterol aggregates on the artery wall and hard plaques form, the artery narrows. It is increasingly  difficult for oxygen rich blood to reach the heart muscle as these arteries become too narrow. In additi on, damage to the arteries from other factors (such as smoking and high levels of fat or sugar in the blood) can cause plaque to build up where the arteries are damaged. These plaques narrow the arteries or may break off and form blood clots that block the arteries. The actual angina attacks are the result of this reduced oxygen supply to the heart. Physical exertion is a common trigger for stable angina, as the heart demands more oxygen than it receives in order to work harder. In addition, severe emotional stress, a heavy meal, exposure to extreme temperatures, and smoking may trigger angina attacks. Unstable angina is often caused by blood clots that partially or totally block an artery. Larger blockages may lead to heart attacks. As blood clots form, dissolve, and form again, angina can occur with each blockage. Variant angina occurs when an artery experiences a spasm that causes it to tighten and narrow, disrupting blood supply to the heart. This can be triggered by exposure to cold, stress, medicines, smoking, or cocaine use. Angina treatments aim to reduce pain, prevent symptoms, and prevent or lower the risk of heart attack. Medicines, lifestyle changes, and medical procedures may all be employed depending on the type of angina and the s everity of symptoms. Lifestyle changes recommended to treat angina include: 1.Stopping smoking 2.Controlling weight 3.Regularly checking cholesterol levels 4.Resting and slowing down 5.Avoiding large meals 6.Learning how to handle or avoid stress 7.Eating fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat or no-fat diary products, and lean meat and fish Medicines called nitrates (like nitroglycerin) are most often prescribed for angina. Nitrates prevent or reduce the intensity of angina attacks by relaxing and widening blood vessels. Other medicines such as beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, oral anti-platelet medicines, anticoagulants, and high blood pressure medications may also be prescribed to treat angina.  These medicines are designed to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, slow the heart rate, relax blood vessels, reduce strain on the heart, and prevent blood clots from forming. In some cases, surgical medical procedures are necessary to treat angina. A heart specialist may recommend an angioplasty – a procedure where a small balloon is used to widen the narrowed arteries in the heart. Coronary artery bypass grafting is another common procedure; this is surgery where the narrowed arteries in the heart are bypassed using a healthy artery or vein from another part of the body. Develop at least five (5) leading questions that may be posed to your local health department in regard to mitigating the proliferation of the disease. Provide a sound rationale for raising these questions. 1. Can second or third hand smoking cause cardiovacular diseases? Cigarette smoking remains the leading preventable cause of cardiovascular disease in women, with more than 50 percent of heart attacks among middle-aged women attributable to tobacco. Risk of cardiovascular disease begins to decline within months of smoking cessation and reaches the level of persons who have never smoked within 3 to 5 years. 2. What do cholesterol has to do with cardiovascular diseases? High blood cholesterol is a condition that greatly increases your chances of developing coronary heart disease. Extra cholesterol in the blood settles on the inner walls of the arteries, narrowing them and allowing less blood to pass through them to the heart. Aim for total cholesterol below 200 mg/dL; LDL cholesterol below 130 mg/dL and HDL above 35 mg/dL. 3. How do weight gain or maintaining a healthy weight control cardiovascular disease? Obesity and sedentary lifestyles are epidemics in the United States that contribute to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of obesity has increased among both men and women in the United States in the past decade; currently about one third of adult women (or 34 million) are classified as obese. Also, 60% of both men and women get no regular physical activity. Obesity, especially abdominal adiposity, is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease in women. 4. Can exercise reduce cardiovascular disease? Recent evidence suggests that even moderate-intensity activity, including brisk walking, is associated with substantial reduction of cardiovascular disease risk. These findings support  the 1995 federal exercise guidelines endorsing 30 minutes of moderately intense physical activity most days of the week, a program that should be feasible and safe for most of the population. Regular exercise and maintenance of healthy weight should also help reduce insulin resistance and the risk of non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, which appears to be an even stronger risk factor for cardiovascular disease in women than in men. Diabetes is associated with a threefold to sevenfold elevation in cardiovascular disease risk among women, compared with a twofold to threefold elevation among men. Approximately half of all deaths in patients with non–insulin dependent diabetes mellitus are due to heart disease. 5.Can eating less saturated fat, more produce and more fiber reduce cardiovascular disease? †¨Diets low in saturated fat and high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fiber are associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Also, a recent study reported in the Annals of Internal Medicine journal confirmed that eating fruits and vegetables, particularly green leafy vegetables and vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables, seems to have a protective effect against coronary heart disease. You may even think about moving toward more flexitarian or vegetarian eating habits: A vegetarian diet reduces the risk of coronary artery disease, and may even reverse existing coronary artery disease when combined with other lifestyle changes. A Mediterranean diet that uses olive oil can reduce the risk of coronary artery disease. Based on the five (5) questions you developed in Question two (2), provide a rudimentary protocol to disseminate this information to your local community lea ders. Based on the above listed question in question two, the population that is directly affected by lack of basic health care information is poor families in rural areas across the United States. However, many others are indirectly affected by this including Governments who on varying levels are trying to determine how to keep their people alive and healthy longer and institutional partners who are spending significant resources to treat conditions that could be prevented or taken care of at earlier stages of a problem or condition. SMS to mobile phones which can be done through mobile networks at the prompting or through a contract with an institution, NGO, private company or the Ministry of Health. This does not have to be  expensive and is something in some countries that is partly supported by the Ministry of Health or can be provided in limit cases free of charge by the network provider. Through mobile cinemas which are used throughout much of Africa in rural areas to disseminate information on health care or other pertinent issues. Many times these mobile cinema vans already exist and are under the control of the Ministry of Transportation or Ministry of Health. It is possible, depending on the circumstances to access these vans and pay only for fuel consumption. Posters displayed in prominent areas that can provide a very clear and visual message, can sometimes transcend language barriers and get across simple messages most effectively. The cost of this would be the printing of the posters, the human resources to disseminate the posters (you can sometimes go through the Ministry of Health and utilize the community health workers and regional and district hospitals and other partners) and in some instances a small charge to hang the posters at certain locations. Radio spots that provide simple information in the most basic terminology to ensure the messages are construed properly. The cost of this depends on the availability of community messaging which is provided by some stations in some countries free of charge or station to station depending on country and size of the listener group. Recommend six (6) steps that may be given to your current or previous place of employment to prevent the proliferation of CVD. Provide support for your recom mendations. Heart disease and stroke, the principal components of cardiovascular disease (CVD), are the first and third leading causes of death in the United States. In 2002, employers representing 88 companies in the United States paid an average of $18,618 per employee for health and productivity-related costs. A sizable portion of these costs are related to CVD. Employers can yield a $3 to $6 return on investment for each dollar invested over a 2 to 5 year period and improve employee cardiovascular health by investing in comprehensive worksite health-promotion programs, and by choosing health plans that provide adequate coverage and support for essential preventive services. The most effective interventions in worksites are those that  provide sustained individual follow-up risk factor education and counseling and other interventions within the context of a comprehensive health-promotion program: (1) screening, health risk assessments, and referrals; (2) environmental supports for behavior change (e.g., access to healthy food choices); (3) financial and other incentives; (4) corporate policies that support healthy lifestyles (e.g., tobacco-free policies). (5) standardized treatment and prevention protocols consistent with national guidelines. (6) multidisciplinary clinical care teams to deliver quality patient care. References 1.Austin, C. J., & Boxerman, S. B. (2008). Information systems for healthcare management (7th ed.). Chicago: Health Administration Press. 2. Harvey, B.H.,†Technology, Diversity and Work Culture-Key Trends in the Next Millenium,†HR Magazine, 45,(7) ,p.59. 3. Bowen, D.E., and Lawler, E.III.†The Empowerment of Service Worker;†Sloan Management Review, pp.31-39. 4. Williams, S. J., & Torrens, P.R. (2010). Introduction to Health Services. Mason Ohio. Cengage Learning. 5.Marquis, M.S., & Rogowski, J.A. (2004). Journal of the American Medical Association, 52(5)408-415.

IMC plan of Lays Seaweed Flavor Snack Essay

1.1 Purpose The purposes of this creative platform are to understand the product and target market, to aware of the current promotional mix, to develop the IMC objectives and to discuss a creative strategy and major selling idea that suitable the best with this product. To expand and develop the promotions of the current product so that it increases the sales and has better image for the consumer to consume the product. 1.2 Limitations This creative platform have the limitations of time and limitations of information of the writer can gain since we can not contact the company and only can access from the public materials, therefore it may contains some errors due to the limitations of the writer as well. 1.3 Authorization This report is created for Indofood company to discuss about the current product of Lays as well as to improve the promotion and creative strategy in order to maintain its competitive advantage in the market. This report is commissioned by Thomas Thjie, CEO of Indofood Fritolay Makmur 1.4 Scope of operations The scope of the operations would be in discussing the specific snack product from Indofood which is Lays potato chips seaweed flavor in various elements of company background, product description, competitor analysis, and target  market in Indonesia region. The informations of this report is gathered from public materials, corporate website, web articles and text book. This report also contains current description of promotional mix, IMC objectives and response hierarchy as well as creating a new promotional tool and suitable creative strategy that would suit best to sell this product to the target market. 2. Background of Company PT Indofood Fritolay Makmur started commercial operations since 1990. The company hold the brand of Lays, Cheetos, Chitato, Chiki, and JetZ brands manufactures and markets snack food. (Bloomberg Businessweek, 2014) The company also offers cassava chips under Qtela brand. PT Indofood is based in Jakarta, Indonesia. Since March 17, 2010, PT Indofood Fritolay Makmur has been a joint venture with PT Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur Tbk and Pepsico, Inc. PT Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur Tbk (â€Å"ICBP† )is an established market-leading producer of packaged food products with a diverse range of products providing everyday food solutions for consumers of all ages. According to PT Indofood (2010) Many of its products brands are among the strongest brands with significant Top-of-Mind status in Indonesia and have gained the trust and loyalty of millions of consumers in Indonesia for decades. (PT Indofood , 2010) ICBP was established as a separate entity in September 2009 and listed on the IDX on 7 October 2010. It was established by means of internal restructuring of the CBP Group of Indofood, the parent company, listed on the IDX since 1994. Following the listing, Indofood remains the majority shareholder of ICBP with 80% ownership. Hence, ICBP continues to enjoy synergies with other Indofood Group companies to maintain its competitive advantages. Most of ICBP’s business operations and product brands have been well-established for many years, with many of them enjoying leading positions in their respective market segments. Its various business operations are noodles (Indomie, Supermi, Sarimi, Sakura, Pop Mie, Mi Telur Cap 3 Ayam and Pop Bihun), dairy (Indomilk, Cap Enaak, Indoeskrim and Orchid Butter), food seasonings (Sambal Indofood, Sirup Indofood Freiss and Bumbu  Racik Indofood) , nutrition & special foods (Promina, SUN, Govit and Provita) , and snack foods (Chitato, Lays, Qte la, Cheetos and Trenz) which produces and markets a range of western and modernized traditional snacks which will be focus on this report. Here is the vision, mission and values of Indofood Company. VISION A Total Food Solutions Company MISSION To provide sustainable solutions for food needs To continuously improve our people, processes and technologies To contribute to the welfare of the society To continuously improve stakeholders’ values Values â€Å"With discipline as the basis of our way of life; We conduct our business with integrity; We treat our stakeholders with respect; and together we unite to strive for excellence and continuous innovation.† 2.1. Product Description Brief History of Lays, it all started when chip was found by C.E. Doolin in 1932. Tanenbaum (2014,) Doolin loved those corn chips so much that he purchased the recipe and began to sell bags of the crunchy snacks. While Doolin was making his corn chips, Lay was busy producing his potato chips. Lay purchased Atlanta’s Barrett Food Company in 1938 and then formed H.W. Lay & Company. FritoLay (2014) Years later, in 1961, the Frito Company and the H.W. Lay company merged to become Frito-Lay, Inc. Today, Frito-Lay brands account for 59% of the U.S. snack chip industry. Lays started selling products in Indonesia around mid year of 2009. Lays (2013), Before Lay’s entry into the Indonesian market, the brand had already gained worldwide recognition. In Indonesia, Lay’s is marketed and produced as a joint venture between Indofood and Fritolay International, and becoming PT Indofood Fritolay Makmur. Fritolay International itself is also being owned by Pepsico Inc. Lays present their products in 6 flavors, there are  Pizza, BBQ Fiesta, Classic Salty, Grilled Chicken Paprica, Salmon Teriyaki and Seaweed Flavor. In this report, the focus will be Lays Seaweed flavor which contains natural fresh potato with seaweed seasonings. 2.2. Target Market Even though Snack Lays is categorized as undifferentiated marketing, it still needs target market so that it can build the best way to advertise to its perspective costumers. The segmentations of Lays are divided into Geographical, Demographical, Psychographic and behavioral segmentation. The geographical segmentation is about the region or area of the target market. Lays choose Indonesia region especially in Java Islands with the area of City, Urban, Suburban accross Indonesia the size of population: 250,585,668 people (World Population Review, 2014). The Demographic Segmentation is about to targeted the people with both gender whose age between 10 – 25 years old with any family size, but especially a family consists of parents and children. Because It is targeted more to young people or in school age, therefore the education background is children from elementary school to students in the university with any ethnic or racial background in Indonesia . On the other hand, the P sychographic Segmentation which based on the lifestyle preferences will using VALS framework (VALS, 2014). There are 4 types of people Lays want to target. They are first, Experiencers, with the personality of young, excitement, still open to the new, and have a lot social activities. They are potential because they are tend to be an impulsive consumers. Second, is Achievers, they have many needs and wants, goal oriented, like prestige products, predictability. Thy are active self-discovery in consumer marketplace. Third, Believers, people who are idealist, have concrete beliefs, religious, community. They are potential because they are predictable consumers, choose familiar product,and loyal customers.Fourth, Makers are motivated by self-expression, organized, practical people who have constructive skills and value self-sufficiency. They prefer a practical or functional purpose, and buy basic products. Furthermore, Behavioral Segmentation is about the behavior of the target market. Behavioral consists of the occasions of special and regular occasions such as hang out with friends, watch movies, snacks time with The Degree of use in Light use and medium use. The Brand Loyalty of target  market vary into Not loyal, loyal to very loyal . The Benefits target market can have is Lays serve as snacks, good quality, crispy and delicious, convenience, easy to access, enjoyable. Whereas, the Readiness stage is All people who know Lays and the attitudes toward product are neutral, positive attitude toward Lays. 2.3. Positioning Strategy Based on Foote, Cone &Belding (FCB) model, Lays Seaweed Flavo is positioned as Habit Formation (the doer) which in the thinking grid and considered as low involvement. It is habitual purchase and marketers does not have to market the product, yet creating an advertisement to act as a reminder about the product According to Belch& Belch (2009) Positioning can be defined as the art and science of fitting the product or service to one or more segments of the broad market in such a way as to set it meaningfully apart from competition. Market positioning is the most important factor in establishing a brand in marketplace. Positioning strategy that would suit best with Snack Lays is Positioning by Product Attributes and Benefits. This strategy is to set the brand apart from competitors on specific characteristic or benefit offered. In this case, out of other competitors, Lays offer a unique quality of characteristic of potato chip with seaweed flavor. Lays has been very strategically posit ioned within the snack food industry, the salient attributes which important to consumers and are the basis for making a purchase decision. One of the salient attributes is its international recognition and worldwide brand makes Lays trusted and worthy in the mind of consumers. Moreover, the taste, the brand prestige, and communicating a fun delicious snack brand to the consumers makes the Lays has positive positioned in the mind of target market. 3. Promotional Mix Elements Lays has been using several promotional mix, there are: 3.1. Advertising â€Å"Advertising is any paid form of non-personal communication about an organization, product, service, or idea by an identified sponsor and usually being used by companies whose products and services are targeted at mass consumer markets† (Belch&Belch, 2009). Lays was using TV advertisement to  promote its product, the advertising was about the deliciousness and irressistible Lays Seaweed flavor. The advertisement can be seen widely in youtube It was an effective nonpersonal communication because it can transmit a message to large number of groups of individuals (mass coverage) at the same time efficiently. It shows an immediate popularity from consumers who tried this new product and most people admit that they are satisfied with Lays Seaweed flavor. Moreover, Lays also had done print advertising in several female indonesian magazine such as citacinta and gogirl (Sulung, 2010) Print media play an important role, in earning the right to carry the Lays’s message of enjoyable and delicious potato chip. Haight (2005) Advertised in Print media can make consumers go backward to consume an advertisement, so it is an amazing alignment between advertiser transmission of Lays message and consumer consumption. 3.2. Sales Promotions Sales promotion provides extra values or incentives to the sales force, the distributors, or the ultimate consumer and can stimulate immediate sales (Belch & Belch 2012). Lays had done sales promotion in several local supermarkets in carrefour, hypermart, indomaret and alfamart by giving consumers discount, buy1get1 event, and bundles promotion. Recent sales promotion from Lays was related to price promotions in Circle K where consumers can buy two Lays seaweed flavor and additional drink with cheaper price which only IDR 12000 (Circle K, 2014). Lays also had a promotional event in several public holiday event in big supermarkets periodically such as (Lays, 2013) in christmas event when the discount and buy 1 get 1 available widely for consumers. Last, but not least, Lays also created competitions for consumers to win the prize. For instance, last year on March 2013 Lays held Lays Taste Adventure which is a competitions for consumers to post their photo eating lays, in order to win iphone 5, ipod nano, exclusive vouchers and hampers exclusive lays. In 2012, Lays Irressistible Moments Indonesia, (2012), on December 2012 also a contest which offer the opportunity to win exciting prizes by submitting their moments with lays. (Lays Indonesia, 2014)The competitions held in social media by Lays Indonesia, called Harpitdays where the winner can win voucher gift valued of IDR 200,000 for six winners. 3.3. Interactive or Internet Marketing â€Å"It allows for a back and forth flow of information whereby users can participate in and modify the form and content of the information they receive in real time† (Belch&Belch, 2009,p. 12) Lays Indonesia connect and relate with their consumers through internet media with social media sites which is facebook. It is the only official page of Lays Indonesia where directly speaks to Indonesian consumers about the products and promotions and create a platform where people can communicate to Lays. The social media page allows the brand to pay attention or care to the consumers mind by asking their opinions, encouraging their life, giving fun status, games, and more. Compliment and complaing about the brand also can handle well with the use of social media. In addition Lays Indonesia also create website contains basic informations to provide some information about Lays. 4. IMC Objectives According to (Reid, 2001) â€Å"Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) has been promoted both as an emerging communications philosophy and as a strategic management process for creating and managing the development of strong brands.† â€Å"It is also considered as the planning and execution of all types of marketing communication needed for a product, brand, idea, company or place in order to satisfy a common set of objectives and support the positioning of promotion† (Zimuto, 2013, p. 95). The DAGMAR approach suggest a logical process for advertising and promotion planning. Using DAGMAR approach in IMC objectives would focues the advertisers’attention on the value of using communications based objectives to measure advertising effectinveness and encouraged the measurement of stages in response hierarchy to asses a campaign’s impact (Belch & Belch, 2012). Therefore, the element of SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Rational, Time-Limit) must be considered in order to create an effective communication with consumers. The advertisement can be done in small space ads, point of sale, and short spots For the IMC Objective, Lays Seaweed Flavor use print or media advertising therefore hierarchy of effects model would fit the best to show the work process. Here is the IMC Objective for Lays: 1. To create brand awareness of Lays Seaweed Flavor among non user young people of the  target market in Indonesia region to 75% by next year. 2. Create a positive feelings toward Lays Seaweed Flavor to 55% and preference of choosing this product to 45% especially by young people age between 12-20 years old who are still in studying in school by next year. 3. To increase sales of Lays Seaweed Flavor by 20% in next year and maintain customers to repurchase and regularly consume the product, to become consumers favorite seaweed snack. New Promotional Tool 5.1. Public Relations In order to reach the objectives and gain more competitive advantage in the market, a new promotional tool is created to able target the market. A new promotional tool that Lays Seaweed have not done before is using public relations. Public Relations defined as â€Å"the management function which evaluater public attitudes, identifies the policies and procedures of a organization with the public interest, and executes a program o action and communication to earn public understanding and acceptance† (Belch&Belch, 2009, p.559). The public relation activity that Lays seaweed will go through is sponsorship. It is strenghten by the opinion of Riley (2012) that Sponsorship is a specialised kind of public relations and increasingly popular, particularly with larger businesses. A business will sponsor an event, team or individual in order to build brand awareness. Because the target is young people especially those who are still in school, so Lays will sponsor a school events at several schools and universities in Indonesia. In the event, Lays will place a fun-catchy advertisement in the place of event to gather attention of the students and create interests and positive feelings to people who see. In the event, Lays can participate by creating some fun games for students to do to create more positive feelings toward Lays. There also may be opportunity to sell products, so Lays can use this opportunity to give free trials to student, young people, it is a good way to grab young non user consumer. The period of doing this public relation suggests in 3 – 6 months. 5.2. Sales Promotions The sales promotions is given to the consumers in the public area, such as  supermarket retailer, shop groceries and also can be given while doing the public relations. This will attract buyers to buy more and consuming Lays Seaweed. Because most people attract to any sales promotions in the market, highly effective if there is any event of the moment such as Public Holiday or Weekend days. The type of sales promotions would be discounts, giving 10% discounts for students who buy Lays Seaweed, buy 1 get 1 free promotion and bundles promotion such as it is cheaper if consumers buy 3 Lays at once and valied with multiple purchases. Vouchers and Gifts also can be given if consumer buy certain numbers of Lays Seaweed, for example 3 and they will be given a gift or if they buy 6 they will be given vouchers. This sales promotions should have limitations of time 1 – 3 months of availability. 5.3. Print Advertising To gain an effective promotional campaign, Lays will also do print media advertising to gain awareness and attention from the urban city people. Although print advertising looks a passive advertising yet it considered effective. Lays Seaweed will do the print advertising in the popular magazines like females magazine such as gogirl!, citacinta, gadis, femina. Food magazine such as sedap, selera,and nova. 5.4. Point of Purchase Moreover, for the other months of not doing sponsorship, Lays can advertise in outdoor advertising to gain mass coverage of attention and point of purchase (pop) by display largely in supermarket retailer, groceries shop and supermarket mall to attract young people who live in urban city. Traffic flows in the grocery store greatly influence grocery shopping behavior. In fact, consumers often buy products that are placed on display simply because they are on display. Retailers use the â€Å"brand-lift index† to measure the incremental sales that occur when a product is on display. In fact, one study indicated that POP displays in convenience stores can increase product sales by nearly 10% (Babin & Harris, 2012). The trials and sales promotions also are provided to ensure effective communication with consumers. 5.5 Internet/Interactive Marketing To develop and maintain current social media promotion with facebook and to  make a new internet or interactive marketing for consumers to persuade them to be active and engaged more with Lays brand from their own place and time. Lays can be updated more informations in the Website as it is considered as inactive and has uninterested layout website. The website should be updated at least once in a month to give audience the new information about Lays activities in sponsorship and promotions. Moreover, giving others useful information such as facts, opinions and ideas will become more interesting and attractive website to let young people experience with Lays from their gadgets and phones. 6. Major Selling Idea Major selling idea is the basis for the central theme or message idea in an advertising campaign (Belch & Belch, 2012). Major selling idea is important part in creative strategy. The competitive advantage Lays have over other competitors are differential advantages, it is created when a company’s products or services differ from its competitors and are seen as better than a competitor’s products by customers. Lays Seaweed have differential advantage in which it has an international recognition and worldwide coverage, with historical background of creating the potato chips and excellent leadership over the years, made it possible for the leaders to work their way up the corporate ladder. More advantages are being owned by a larger corporation like PepsiCo has advantages in its own like mass advertising and an established name. One word to describe the key characteristic that can be used as competitive advantage for Lays Seaweed is â€Å"happiness† because eating the crispy and crunch potato chip would make the consumers feel joy and happy to taste the delicious seaweed potato chip which is unique as a snack. This â€Å"happiness† is strong and meaningful to appeal the target audience. It has positive and good meaning in many ways and all people wants to be happy. Therefore, The selling idea with theme of happiness will be interesting and draw people to know more about Lays Seaweed by consuming it. This major help positioning the brand and creating a brand image because it creates unique selling position in promoting a happiness product. 6. Creative Strategy 7.1. Advertising Appeal Lays Seaweed advertisement is emotional appeal with happines and joy. The idea of the advertisement comes from the magic tree that can produce fresh potato. It called the magic tree because it has sparkles of firework to create delicious potato to become a fresh-cut- crispy potato chip that Lays use to the consumers. 7.2. Execution Style The execution style of this advertisement is dramatisation, because it is dramatized the pictured with a tree and form a firework and potato which burst out to become the potato chip with seaweed seasonings. 7.3. Creative Tactics Headline The headline of this advertising is â€Å"Happiness is closer than you think † This headline is leading position of the ad therefore it placed in the center of the advertisement with a portion of bigger writings than others. The purpose is to gain attention with the happiness in the capital size as it is the main word of the advertisement. It is considered as indirect headline because it provokes curiosity and motivates involvement of people to consume this Lays Seaweed. The headline is indirectly persuade people to eat Lays because it can create happiness, and happiness is easy to get as closer to the local groceries to buy Lays Seaweed. Subheadline The subheadline is placed under the headline with the yellow banner to support the headline. It is smaller the headline and larger than a copy And telling the product of the advertisement. Body Copy Body copy is the main text portion of a print ad. The body copy support the headline and subheadline to perform a good and effective advertisement. The body copy is persuading people to buy the product now and promise they will not regret to taste the Lays Seaweed. Visual Elements The visual elements of this advertisement is considered as colorful and fun with the elements of the potatoes tree and firework sparkle. The lays seaweed is placed on the down right of the advertisement to make consumers focus on the advertisement as much as the product. The visual elements compliment to each other with the background of a sunny day with green grass. The visuals convey a strong meaningful image and compliment the headline, subheadline and body copy. Layout Layout is the physical arrangement of the various parts of the ad – headline, copy and visual The layout of the advertisement is blended together to perform a finished advertisement. The layout is centered to enhance the focus of the people, so as the people see they will focus on the headline, the products image, the subheadline and the body copy as all of them are complimenting each other elements. The layout if full image and has no white space to let people focus on visual and enhance the use of effective advertisement. 7.4. Media Vehicle Media vehicle is the specific carrier, publication or promotional piece used to carry an advertising mesage (Belch & Belch, 2012). The advertisement will be exposed in a print media of popular magazine in Indonesia, in the big mall as an advertisement and as the point of purchase in groceries retailer. In the magazine, the advertisement will be placed on the back cover of magazine as it has more exposure rather than inside the pages of magazine. The reach of potential buyers exposed to the message are expected to be 60% of audiences who see the advertisement. The audience will be exposed to the message for several times, but not too much to ensure the customer attention and not as a disturbing advertisement. So, the frequency of being exposed to the media is from 3 – 10 exposures. While the coverage of the advertisement is people who live in urban city where the advertisement is placed, especially in the public places where people are passing by. The advantages of using this strategy are it is surely will gather consumer’s  attention about the advertisement as it is unique, colorful and interesting. The placement of this advertisement in public spaces where people move a lot and passed by will increase the brand awareness and store the brand advertising in their memory so that when they go to groceries shop, they want to buy and try the Lays Seaweed Flavor. The disadvantages is it is a passive advertising and some people may feel disturbed or dislike towards the advertisement because it did not match their perception. The company’s financial position is strong enough and capable to make this advertisement campaign works because it is a top company in Indonesian which are place in the top as the one of the company which having high gross profits and income in Indonesia 8. Conclusion & Recommendation Lays as one of brand under the PT Indofood company has been known as an international potato chip brand that is sold in many countries, especially in Indonesia. Lays comes in many flavors but the focus of the promotional campaign is the product of Lays Seaweed Flavor because it is a potential product to gain consumers interests and consumption. To create a creative IMC Plan, the target markets are divided into demographic, geographic, behavioral and psychographic. The IMC objectives of Lays Seaweed are determined through the response hierarchy and DAGMAR approach and focus urban and suburban market area with people aged between 10 -25 years old. The positioning strategy is product attributes and benefits with a new IMC mix of Public relations, and Point of Purchase which will strengthen the product position in the market. The creative strategy and the advertisement is created to enhance the creative platform in order to develop Lays Seaweed in new and different ways. Furthermore it i s recommended for the company to develop the public relations activities that benefits the development of young people physically and emotionally by creating an event such for teenagers such as bike for fun, competitions and contests other than sponsorships in order to create stronger values in the eyes of the target market. List of References Belch, B. &., 2009. Advertising and Promotion. 8th penyunt. New York: McGraw-Hill. Bloomberg Businessweek, 2014. Bloomberg Businessweek, viewed 6 May 2014 Circle K, 2014. Circle K Indonesia, viewed 6 May 2014 FritoLay, 2014. History., viewed 8 May 2014 Haight, D., 2005. Advertising and the future of print media. Pulp & Paper, 79(2), p. 64. Insights, S. B., 2014. US Framework and VALSâ„ ¢ Types. , viewed 8 May 2014 Lays Indonesia, 2014. Lays Indonesia Facebook, viewed 10 May 2014 Lays, 2013. Lays., viewed 5 May 2014 PT Indofood , 2010. Indofood CBP. , viewed 6 May 2014 Reid, D. M., 2001. 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